在COVID-19治疗中应重视静脉血栓栓塞症的预防
《柳叶刀-血液病学》(The Lancet Haematology )近日发表来自广州医科大学附属第一医院钟南山团队的评论,文章指出,COVID-19患者存在着许多潜在的静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)危险因素,在COVID-19患者的治疗中,应定期评估VTE和出血风险,给予VTE高危COVID-19患者更多关注。
自2019年12月份以来,2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)已在全球蔓延,感染人数超过100万,死亡人数超过7万。[1][2] COVID-19患者,尤其是危重症患者,存在着许多潜在的静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)危险因素,包括感染、卧床、呼吸衰竭、机械通气和中心静脉置管。[3][4] 然而,到目前为止,尚没有报道评估这些患者的VTE风险。因此,我们使用来自中国的全国性数据描述COVID-19患者的VTE风险。
该研究依托国家呼吸系统疾病临床医学研究中心和国家卫健委,在全国31个省级行政区收集了实验室确诊的1099例COVID-19患者的数据。[5] 该研究由国家卫健委支持,研究者自行设计,并获得了国家卫健委伦理委员会(IRB)的批准。由于收集数据时间紧迫,且开展的是不涉及患者个人信息的回顾性分析,所以没有要求患者签署知情同意书。作者对数据进行了分析和解释。连续变量用IQR表示,并采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析;采用卡方检验分析分类变量。采用logistic回归计算经过年龄调整后的结局指标和实验室结果对VTE风险的影响,用OR值表示。
Table: Bleeding score, outcomes, and age of patients with COVID-19 with high and low risk of venous thromboembolism according to the Padua Prediction Score
有研究表明,在肺炎球菌或流感病毒感染的肺炎患者中,VTE的发病率有所增加。[8][9] 虽然对于该队列COVID-19患者中患有VTE的人数尚未可知,但40%为高危患者;据估计,如果不进行预防干预,有11%的高危患者可能会发展为VTE。[6] 大多数VTE事件,尤其是在高危患者中,可以通过适当的预防措施来避免。然而,在该队列可获取抗凝数据的140名患者中,只有10名(7%)在住院期间接受过抗凝药物治疗(其中9名患者服用肝素,1名患者服用利伐塞班),这一比例低于VTE高危患者的比例。这一结果表明,在该COVID-19队列中,VTE的预防措施是不足够的。因此,识别COVID-19 VTE高危患者,并提供适当的预防措施非常重要。
抗凝药物是预防VTE的基本手段,然而,在该队列407例VTE高危COVID-19患者中,也有44例(11%)具有出血高风险。对于这些病人,应该调整抗凝剂的剂量和干预时间,并采用如加压弹力袜或间歇性充气加压泵等机械加压手段。COVID-19患者可能迅速恶化,并伴随如肾功能衰竭、呼吸衰竭或肝功能不全[2][3][10] 等一系列并发症,这就可能会影响VTE和出血情况。因此,定期评估VTE和出血风险至关重要。此外,我们发现VTE高危COVID-19患者的结局比低危患者差,这表明我们应该给予这些患者更多的关注以防病情迅速恶化。END
*中文翻译仅供参考,一切内容以英文原文为准。
We declare no competing interests. TW, RC, and CL contributed equally.
Tao Wang, Ruchong Chen, Chunli Liu, Wenhua Liang,
Weijie Guan, Ruidi Tang, Chunli Tang, Nuofu Zhang,
Nanshan Zhong, *Shiyue Li
*lishiyue@188.com
National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory
of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First
Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, 510120, China
NOTES TO EDITORS
1 Kim JY, Choe PG, Oh Y, et al. The first case of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: implication for infection prevention and control measures. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35: e61.
2 Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020; published online Feb 24. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
3 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323: 1061–69.
4 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395: 507–13.
5 Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; published online Feb 28. DOI:10.1056/ NEJMoa2002032.
6 Barber S, Noventa F, Rossetto V, et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8: 2450–57.
7 Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients:antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American
College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.Chest 2012; 141(suppl 2): e195S–e226S.
8 Chen YG, Lin TY, Huang WY, Lin CL, Dai MS, Kao CH. Association between pneumococcal pneumonia and venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients: a nationwide population-based study. Respirology 2015; 20: 799–804.
9 Obi AT, Tignanelli CJ, Jacobs BN, et al. Empirical systemic anticoagulation is associated with decreased venous thromboembolism in critically ill influenza A H1N1 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019; 7: 317–24.
10 Kui L, Fang YY, Deng Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; published online Feb 7. DOI:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000744
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